How the frame is built

Public-domain NASA and ESA imagery supplies the content. Everything else is computed: the target is scaled to its true angular size at the current focal length, smeared by the seeing, shifted frame to frame by the same turbulence, lifted by the site’s sky glow and buried in sensor noise.

As the stack builds, the turbulence averages out and the image walks toward the aperture’s diffraction limit, which it never beats. This is a simulation of what a 150 mm telescope shows, not a claim about what it captured.